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ELECTION X-RAY
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Glossary

Observability

What outsiders can reconstruct about an election from public records. High observability: anyone can verify. Low observability: you have to trust someone.

This site treats observability as a measurable property of the system. Example gap: the state does not record how many ballots are returned by third parties, so that activity cannot be reconstructed from any public record.

Where this term appears

  • Returner deadlines arrive — with an observability tradeoffTimeline step
  • AB 306 (2018) — Returner deadlines and voter protection from returner paperwork failuresLaw
  • The steady late drift toward the more progressive candidate is a known Los Angeles pattern…Claim
  • Geography split the field: Pratt's map looked like Caruso's 2022 map — and Caruso, too…Claim
  • The public gets telemetry on what's left to countTimeline step
  • Published studies find that mail voting itself gives neither party a meaningful advantage.Claim
  • Prosecuted election-fraud cases in California are rare in absolute terms — a few dozen…Claim
  • Nobody actually measures how many ballots third parties return in California — which means…Claim
  • The mandatory rule gets enforced at scaleTimeline step

See all terms

Election X-Ray explains how election systems change over time and what each change made possible — with the evidence one click away. Evidence may move the conclusion. The conclusion may never move the evidence. Don’t trust us either: check our work.

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Not a fraud detector. Not a partisan scorecard. An anomaly is an explanation request, not an accusation.